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Model documentation

Research articles

General-audience articles

Presentations

Publications of Our Work

We have a range of published works that communicate our research and applications in ecological landscape models...

Model Documentation Reports

Comprehensive documentation of the public releases of our models...


-- For the report (Mitsch, Band and Cerco, 2007) of the Independent Peer Review Panel who recommended the use of ELM v2.5 applications to help evaluate Everglades restoration plans: see the ELM application page at the South Florida Water Management District, or a copy of that report found here. Subsequent model versions have improved upon the capabilities and performance of the model (see documentation reports below).


ELM v3.2.5 Update Report (scenario runs & code updates, targeted for use in FCE LTER project)

Fitz, H. C. 2024. Everglades Landscape Model v3.2.5: Scenarios and Updates. LTER: Coastal Oligotrophic Ecosystem Research - Integrated Modeling, Year 3 Final Report. EcoLandMod, Inc. Fort Pierce, FL. http://www.ecolandmod.com/publications. 23 pp.

        

ELM v3.2.4 Update Report (major update with refinements targeted for use in FCE LTER project)

Fitz, H. C. 2023. Refinements to the Everglades Landscape Model: ELM v3.2.4. LTER: Coastal Oligotrophic Ecosystem Research - Integrated Modeling, Year 2 Final Report. EcoLandMod, Inc. Fort Pierce, FL. http://www.ecolandmod.com/publications. 340 pp.

        

ELM v3.2.1 Update Report (major update with refinements targeted for use in FCE LTER project)

Fitz, H. C. 2021. Refinements to the Everglades Landscape Model: ELM v3.2.1. LTER: Coastal Oligotrophic Ecosystem Research - Integrated Modeling, Year 1 Final Report. EcoLandMod, Inc. Fort Pierce, FL. http://www.ecolandmod.com/publications. 298 pp.

        

ELM v2.9.0 Documentation Report (version used in WCA2A Wading Bird Suitability Project: 500 m resolution subregional application)

Fitz, H. C. 2015. Documentation of the Everglades Landscape Model: ELM v2.9.0 - Wading Bird Suitability. EcoLandMod, Inc. http://www.ecolandmod.com/publications. 133 pages.

Note: this is an update to the below ELM v2.8.6, v2.8.4, and v2.8.3 reports, providing documentation of the design, performance, and application of the model version used for the WCA2A Wading Bird Suitability Project. Like the prior update reports, this report does not update Chapters that remain unchanged from ELM v2.5 - v2.8.

        

ELM v2.8.6 Documentation Report (version used in CERP ASR project: 500 m resolution regional application, historical calibration/validation; also see Projects: Everglades regional 500m cal/val )

Fitz, H. C. 2013. Documentation of the Everglades Landscape Model: ELM v2.8.6 - Sulfate Module. Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale, FL http://www.ecolandmod.com/publications. 128 pages.

Note: this is an update to the below ELM v2.8.4 and v2.8.3 reports, providing documentation of the design and performance of the model version used for the CERP ASR project. Like the prior update reports, this report does not update Chapters that remain unchanged from ELM v2.5. Thus, relative to v2.5, the ELM v2.8.6 report only includes a new Preface (and Goals & Executive Summary), Data Chapter 4, Model Structure Chapter 5, and Model Performance Chapter 6. See the ELM v2.5.2 report for information on the Everglades, conceptual models, uncertainties, and model refinement paths.

        

ELM v2.8.4 Documentation Report (version used in CERP Decomp project: 500 m resolution regional application, historical calibration/validation; also see Projects: Everglades regional 500m cal/val )

Fitz, H. C. and R. Paudel. 2012. Documentation of the Everglades Landscape Model: ELM v2.8.4. Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale, FL http://www.ecolandmod.com/publications. 364 pages.

Note: this is an update to the below ELM v2.8.3 report, providing more comprehensive water quality documentation for the model version used for CERP Decomp project. Like the v2.8.3 report, this report does not update Chapters that remain unchanged from ELM v2.5. Thus, relative to v2.5, the ELM v2.8.4 report only includes a new Preface (and Goals & Executive Summary), Data Chapter 4, Model Structure Chapter 5, Model Performance Chapter 6, and User's Guide Chapter 10. See the ELM v2.5.2 report for information on the Everglades, conceptual models, uncertainties, and model refinement paths.

        

ELM v2.8.3 Documentation Report (500 m resolution regional application, historical calibration/validation; see Projects: Everglades regional 500m cal/val )

Fitz, H. C. 2009. Documentation of the Everglades Landscape Model: ELM v2.8. Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale, FL http://www.ecolandmod.com/publications. 214 pages.

Note: uses the same format as the below ELM v2.5.2 Documentation Report, but does not update Chapters that remain unchanged from ELM v2.5. Thus, the ELM v2.8.3 report only includes a new Preface (and Goals & Executive Summary), Data Chapter 4, Model Structure Chapter 5, Model Performance Chapter 6, and User's Guide Chapter 10. See the ELM v2.5.2 report for information on the Everglades, conceptual models, uncertainties, and model refinement paths.

        

ELM v2.8.1 Documentation Report: Application of ELMwca1 v2.8 (200 m resolution subregional application to WCA-1, including historical calibration/validation results, future scenario results, etc; see Projects: Everglades WCA-1 200m )

Fitz, H. C. 2008. Documentation of the Everglades Landscape Model: Application of ELMwca1 v2.8. Final report submitted to South Florida Water Management District, Everglades Division. West Palm Beach, FL. http://www.ecolandmod.com/publications. 236 pages.

Note: uses the same format as the below ELM v2.5.2 Documentation Report, but does not update Chapters that remain unchanged from the regional ELM v2.5.2 application. This ELM v2.8.1 application report includes a new Preface, Introduction Goals & Objectives Chapter 1, Data Chapter 4, Model Structure Chapter 5, Model Performance Chapter 6, and Model Application Chapter 8. See the ELM v2.5.2 report for information on the Everglades, conceptual models, uncertainties, and model refinement paths.

        

ELM v2.5.2 Documentation Report (1 km resolution regional application, historical calibration/validation; see Projects: Everglades regional 1km cal/val )

Fitz, H. C., and B. Trimble. 2006. Documentation of the Everglades Landscape Model: ELM v2.5. South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL (Reviewed by independent expert panel, reported at http://my.sfwmd.gov/elm, or a copy of that report can be found here). 664 pages.

ELM v2.5.2 Documentation Report: Individual Chapters from above Report

  1. pdf 0.5 mb - Introduction, Goals & Objectives: Introduction to the Everglades and the model Goals & Objectives.
  2. pdf 0.2 mb - Ecological Models: Wetlands: General overview of Wetland Ecological Models.
  3. pdf 0.8 mb - Conceptual Model: Graphical and verbal descriptions of the South Florida and General Ecosystem Conceptual Models on which the ELM is based.
  4. pdf 3.5 mb - Data: Graphical, verbal, and statistical-summary descriptions all of the Data that are used in the model.
  5. pdf 2.7 mb - Model Structure: Graphical, verbal, and mathematical descriptions of the Model Structure and algorithms (including links to source code).

    pdf 0.3 mb - Chapter 5 Addendum, dispersive flux (Nov 2006)

  6. pdf 2.3 mb - Model Performance: Analysis of Model Performance relative to the historical period of record (1981 - 2000) (w/o Appendices).

    pdf 23.2 mb - Ch. 6 Appendices, time series graphs of simulated vs. observed data.

  7. pdf 1.6 mb - Uncertainty: Aspects of Uncertainty in the model and associated data, including sensitivity analysis, appropriate model expectations, and model complexity.
  8. pdf 0.6 mb - Model Applications: Descriptions of potential Model Applications for research and management.
  9. pdf 0.2 mb - Model Refinement: Descriptions of past and planned Model Refinements, including an overview of its current limitations.
  10. pdf 0.5 mb - User's Guide: A User's Guide that provides the simple steps to installing and running this Open Source model.


Research Articles

Journal articles, book chapters, and white papers on our research (and applications) in ecological landscape modeling...

pdf 0.4 mb - Guaita-Garcia, Noelia, Julia Martínez-Fernández, C. J. Barrera-Causil, and H. C. Fitz. 2022. Stakeholder analysis and prioritization of management measures for a sustainable development in the social-ecological system of the Mar Menor (SE, Spain). Environmental Development 42:100701. doi: 10.1016/j.envdev.2022.100701

pdf 0.4 mb - Guaita-Garcia, Noelia, Julia Martínez-Fernández, and Carl Fitz. 2020. Environmental scenario analysis on natural and social-ecological systems: A review of methods, approaches and applications. Sustainability 12:7542. doi: 10.3390/su12187542

pdf 1.9 mb - Guaita-Garcia, Noelia, Julia Martínez-Fernández, Carlos Javier Barrera-Causil, Miguel Ángel Esteve-Selma, and H. Carl Fitz. 2020. Local perceptions regarding a social-ecological system of the Mediterranean coast: The Mar Menor (Región de Murcia, Spain). Environment, Development and Sustainability. doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00697-y

Orem, W., C. Fitz, D. Krabbenhoft, B. Poulin, M. Varonka, and G. Aiken. 2020. Ecosystem-scale modeling and field observations of sulfate and methylmercury distributions in the Florida Everglades: Responses to reductions in sulfate Loading. Aquatic Geochemistry. doi: 10.1007/s10498-020-09368-w

pdf 4.1 mb - Flower, H., M. Rains, C. Fitz, W. Orem, S. Newman, T. Osborne, K. Reddy, and J. Obeysekera. 2019. Shifting ground: Landscape-scale modeling of biogeochemical processes under climate change in the Florida Everglades. Environmental Management. doi: 10.1007/s00267-019-01200-8 .

pdf 18.8 mb - Flower, H.D., M.C. Rains, and H.C. Fitz. 2017. Visioning the future: scenarios modeling of the Florida Coastal Everglades. Environmental Management. doi: 10.1007/s00267-017-0916-2 .

pdf 1.7 mb - Osborne, T. Z., H. C. Fitz, and S. E. Davis. 2017. Restoring the foundation of the Everglades ecosystem: assessment of edaphic responses to hydrologic restoration scenarios. Restoration Ecology. doi: 10.1111/rec.12496.

pdf 3.5 mb - Orem, W., H. C. Fitz, D. Krabbenhoft, M. Tate, C. Gilmour, and M. Shafer. 2014. Modeling sulfate transport and distribution and methylmercury production associated with Aquifer Storage and Recovery implementation in the Everglades Protection Area. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology 3-4:33-46. doi:10.1016/j.swaqe.2014.11.004.

Martínez Fernández, J., Fitz, C., Esteve Selma, M.A., Guaita, N., Martínez-López, J. 2013. [Spanish language article]. Modelling the effects of land use change on the nutrient dynamics in a coastal agricultural watershed: the Mar Menor case (Southeastern Spain). Ecosistemas 22(3):84-94. Doi:10.7818/ECOS.2013.22-3.12.

pdf 156 mb - Esteve, M.Á., Fitz, H.C., Guaita, N., López, C.T., Martín de Agar, P., Martínez Fernández, J., Roldán, M.J., Tellería, J.L. 2011. Cambios de ocupación del suelo en la cuenca del Segura y sus implicaciones para la biodiversidad (Land cover changes in the Segura basin and its implications for biodiversity). In: Jiménez Herrero, L.M. (Ed.), Biodiversidad en España. Base de la Sostenibilidad ante el Cambio Global (Biodiversity in Spain: Base of Sustainability under Global Change). Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad en España (Spanish Observatory for Sustainability), Madrid, España, SEE pp. 120-174.

pdf 2.0 mb - Fitz, H. C., G. A. Kiker, and J. B. Kim. 2011. Integrated ecological modeling and decision analysis within the Everglades landscape. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 41:517 - 547.

Reddy, K.R., S. Newman, T.Z. Osborne, J.R. White, and H.C. Fitz. 2011. Legacy phosphorus in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem: implications for management and restoration. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 41: 149-186.

pdf 0.4 mb Cerco, C. F. 2010. Initial application of a landscape evolution model to a Louisiana wetland. EMRRP Technical Notes Collection. ERDC TN-EMRRP-EM-8, Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center.

pdf 0.5 mb - Fitz, H.C. 2008. Ecological models: Wetlands. In: S.V. Jorgensen and B.D. Fath (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Ecology Vol. 5. Elsevier, Oxford, UK. pp. 3780-3790.

pdf 1.1 mb - Fitz, H.C. 2007. Ecological Landscape Modeling: the general application of an existing simulation framework. White paper prepared for the Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA. 14 pp.

Voinov, A., R. Costanza, C. Fitz, and T. Maxwell. 2007. Patuxent landscape model: 1. Hydrological model development. Water Resources 34:163-170.

Voinov, A., R. Costanza, C. Fitz, and T. Maxwell. 2007. Patuxent landscape model: 2. Model development - nutrients, plants, and detritus. Water Resources 34:268-276.

Voinov, A., C. Fitz, R. Boumans, R. Costanza. 2004. Modular ecosystem modeling. Environmental Modelling & Software 19: 285-304.

pdf 2.8 mb - Fitz, H.C., F.H. Sklar, A.A. Voinov, T. Waring, R. Costanza, and T. Maxwell. 2004. Development and application of the Everglades Landscape Model. In: R. Costanza and A.A. Voinov (Eds.), Landscape Simulation Modeling: A Spatially Explicit, Dynamic Approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. pp. 143-171.

Villa, F., A.A.Voinov, H.C. Fitz, and R. Costanza. 2004. Calibration of large spatial models: a multi-stage, multi-objective optimization technique. In: R. Costanza and A.A. Voinov (Eds.), Landscape Simulation Modeling: A Spatially Explicit, Dynamic Approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. pp. 77-116.

Voinov, A.A., H.C. Fitz, R.M.J. Boumans, and R. Costanza. 2004. Modular Ecosystem Modeling. In: R. Costanza and A.A. Voinov (Eds.), Landscape Simulation Modeling: A Spatially Explicit, Dynamic Approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. pp. 43-76.

Voinov, A., C. Fitz, T. Maxwell, R. Boumans, R. Costanza. 2002. Modular Ecosystem Modelling. In: A. Jakeman, A. Rizzoli (Eds.), Integrated Assessment and Decision Support. Proceedings of IEMSS 2002 Conference, 24-27 June 2002, Lugano, Switzerland. pp. 263-268.

Sklar, F.H., H.C. Fitz, Y. Wu, R. Van Zee, and C. McVoy. 2001. The design of ecological landscape models for Everglades restoration. Ecological Economics 37: 379-401.

Sklar, F.H., C. McVoy, M. Darwish, S. Davis, C. Fitz, D. Gawlik, S. Miao, M. Korvela, C. Madden, I. Mendelssohn, S. Newman, J. Ogden, J. Otero, R. Shuford, and S. Smith. 2001. Hydrologic needs: The effects of altered hydrology on the Everglades. In: G. Redfield (Ed.), Everglades Consolidated Report. South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL, pp. 2-1 - 2-68.

pdf 4.5 mb - Fitz, H.C., and F.H. Sklar. 1999. Ecosystem analysis of phosphorus impacts and altered hydrology in the Everglades: a landscape modeling approach. In: K. R. Reddy, G. A. O'Connor, and C. L. Schelske (Eds.), Phosphorus Biogeochemistry in Subtropical Ecosystems. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 585-620.

McCormick, P., S. Newman, S. Miao, R. Reddy, D. Gawlik, C. Fitz, T. Fontaine, and D. Marley. 1999. Ecological needs of the Everglades. In: G. Redfield (Ed.), Everglades Interim Report. South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL, pp. 3-1 - 3-66.

Sklar, F.H., C. McVoy, R. Van Zee, D. Gawlik, D. Swift, W. Park, C. Fitz, Y. Wu, D. Rudnick, T. Fontaine, S. Miao, A. Ferriter, S. Krupa, T. Armentano, K. Tarboton, K. Rutchey, Q. Dong, and S. Newman. 1999. Hydrologic needs: The effects of altered hydrology on the Everglades. In: G. Redfield (Ed.), Everglades Interim Report. South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL, pp. 2-1 - 2-70.

Wu, J., H. Huang, H.C. Fitz, Y. Wu, and F.H. Sklar. 1998. A new domain partition scheme for the Everglades Landscape Model. International Journal of Computers and Applications, 20:137-146.

Voinov, A. A., H.C. Fitz, and R. Costanza. 1998. Surface water flow in landscape models: 1. Everglades case study. Ecological Modelling. 108: 131-144.

Wu, J., H. Huang, H.C. Fitz, Y. Wu, and F.H. Sklar. 1998. A new domain partition scheme for the Everglades Landscape Model. International Journal of Computers and Applications, 20:137-146.

pdf 2.7 mb - Fitz, H.C., E.B. DeBellevue, R. Costanza, R. Boumans, T. Maxwell, L. Wainger, and F.H. Sklar. 1996. Development of a general ecosystem model for a range of scales and ecosystems. Ecological Modelling 88: 263-295.


General-audience Articles

Communications targeted to those who don't specialize in science (published as UF IFAS 'Extension' articles in EDIS, the Electronic Data Information Source)

Fitz, H.C. 2010. South Florida Conceptual Model. Document SL320, Soil and Water Science Department, IFAS, UF. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss532. 7 pp.

Fitz, H.C. 2010. Ecological Landscape Modeling: the general application of an existing simulation framework. Document SL321, Soil and Water Science Department, IFAS, UF. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss533. 8 pp.

Fitz, H.C., and N. Hughes. 2008. Wetland Ecological Models. Document SL257, Soil and Water Science Department, IFAS, UF. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss481. 4 pp.


Presentations

Selected presentations are maintained here...

8.6 mb ppt -Fitz, H.C., R. Paudel, Y. Khare, and T. Van Lent. 2021. Landscape Soil Carbon Sequestration Under Scenarios of Climate Change and CERP. 12-slide PowerPoint presentation for the 2021 Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration Science Conference.

4.3 mb ppt - Fitz, H.C., M.C. Rains, H.D. Flower, and E. Gaiser. April 2019. Tortoise or Hare? Landscape Hydro-Ecological Interactions From Presses (Sea Level Rise) and Pulses (Freshwater flows) In the Coastal Everglades. 15-slide PowerPoint presentation at the 2019 Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration Science Conference.

25.9 mb ppt - Fitz, H.C., H.D. Flower, and M.C. Rains. April 2017. Integrated landscape trends of hydrology, nutrients, soils, and vegetation under future management scenarios. 18-slide PowerPoint presentation at the 2017 Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration Science Conference.

20.2 mb ppt - Fitz, H.C. Jan 2015. Integrated Ecological Landscape Modeling for Everglades future scenario assessments. 39-slide PowerPoint presentation summarizing recent applications of Everglades Landscape Model, presented as part of kick-off meeting for a new wading bird assessment project with the SFWMD.

pdf 11.5 mb - Fitz, H.C. Sep 2011. Applications of an integrated ecological landscape model. 23-slide PowerPoint presentation summarizing research & management applications of Everglades Landscape Model, presented to a subcommittee of National Research Council's Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress.

pdf 14.1 mb - Fitz, H.C. Aug 2010. Application of Ecological Landscape Models Towards Everglades Restoration. 38-slide PowerPoint presentation summarizing current applications of Everglades Landscape Model.

pdf 12.8 mb - Fitz, H.C. March 2008. Integrated Model Assessment in Wetlands: the Everglades. 42-slide PowerPoint presentation summarizing current status of Everglades Landscape Model.



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